Basic statistical techniques can be utilized to calculate standard deviation in order to evaluate the error margin in a measurement. Yet, even the estimated standard ...

The distribution function of energetic particles and the time evolution of the frequency spectrum of fluctuations. Initially, the energetic particle distribution function is mountain-like. It slopes ...

This column is the fourth in a series on parameter estimation, leading up to the justly famous Kalman filter. The discipline is based on the fact that our knowledge of the state of any real-world ...

A bimodal distribution often results from a process that involves the breakup of several sources of particles, different growth mechanisms, and large particles in a system. For instance, bimodal ...